Всероссийский конкурс проектно-исследовательских работ учащихся
Муниципальное казённое образовательное учреждение
Аннинская средняя общеобразовательная школа № 6
396250, Воронежская область, Аннинский район, п.г.т. Анна, ул. Ватутина, д. 159.
Тема исследования
«The influence of anglicisms on Russian teenagers’ life and vocabulary»
«Влияние англицизмов на жизнь и речь российских подростков»
Автор: Протопович Владислав, 8 класс
Научный руководитель: Фисунова Татьяна Владимировна,
учитель английского языка.
2014-2015 учебный год
Contents
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..3
2. Borrowed English words in Russian language…………………………….5
2.1. The reasons of borrowing anglicisms……………………………………6
2.2. The classification of anglicisms………………………………………....7
2.3. The impact of borrowed words on Russian language……………………9
3. Popular English words in teenagers' speech……………………………...11
3.1. SMS as a communication tool………………………………………....11
3.2. The interview of my schoolmates……………………………………….13
3.3. The interview of teachers and parents…………………………………..16
3.4. Positive and negative aspects……………………………………………17
3.5. The impact of anglicisms on Russian teenagers’ lives…………………..17
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………19
5. Bibliography……………………………………………………………….20
6. Appendix 1 .……………………………………………………………….21
7. Appendix 2………………………………………………………………...23
Introduction
Our society is developing all the time and so the language changes too. Every single year new words appear in languages. Each language has borrowed words, and Russian is not an exception.
Russian people have been engaged in political, commercial, scientific and cultural relations with other nations since ancient times. Therefore, Russian language has been enriched with many words from other languages. Our ancestry used new words to name new things, most of the borrowed words refer to nouns. Though it is also worth mentioning that there were a great number of people who did not use new borrowings due to the lack of education. It is quite clear that different age groups have different aptitude for using anglicisms. In fact they are more popular among young people who tend to be more interested in new trends connected to European culture.
I believe that the subject that I research is really important and actual, because I am a teenager too and my friends and I often use the words of English origin. Frequently using such words we somehow change our language. As much as language is connected to traditional knowledge and culture, it must be capable of incorporating new vocabulary to meet the needs of young people in order to remain vibrant. I find the phenomenon of borrowings fascinating as it proves that any language is a living being.
The object of the research: English borrowings in modern Russian language in the last decades.
The subject of the research: lexical units of English origin and their derivatives.
The focuses of the work are English borrowings in modern Russian language. Contemporary English is the main source of borrowings for many other languages including Russian. As the flow of loanwords adopted by our mother tongue today is enormous, I made up my mind to concentrate mainly on the English words used by young people.
The aim of the work is to specify the reasons of appearing anglicisms in the speech of adolescents.
The main tasks are:
to analyze the theoretical material;
to determine the reasons of borrowings;
to examine the classification of anglicisms;
to observe the impact of borrowed words on Russian language;
to identify the attitude of students and adults to the phenomenon;
to examine popular anglicisms in teenagers' speech;
to make a list of the most popular English borrowings used by teenagers.
For solving the tasks were used the following methods:
Descriptive method with the elements of observation of linguistic phenomena.
Method of systematization, classification and comparison.
Sociological survey.
The hypothesis of the study: on the one hand the emergence of new words expands vocabulary, and on the other the use of a huge amount of unnecessary borrowings debases any language that loses its originality and unique beauty.
In order to achieve the aims I have studied the articles in the magazines, read the necessary material from the Internet and literature. I found out the classifications of borrowings organized by Hocket which I apply in the work. This classification helps to understand different ways of borrowings. I also consider the phenomenon of language mixing, especially among youth. Such mixing occurs both in oral and written speech.
Also my work contains the results of the survey which I conducted among my schoolmates. It analyses the attitude towards the usage of loanwords both among teenagers and their parents. I enclose a list of the most popular anglicisms dividing them according to the sphere of application.
The problem of borrowings is rather complicated as, on the one hand, anglicisms expand our language and make it more modern, but, on the other hand, they clog it.
In this research I intend to analyze the main reasons of popularity of English words among young people in Russia.
The research consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography list and two appendixes. In carrying out of the work the following sources were used:
Brian Lockett «Beyond the dictionary»
Брейтер М.А. Англицизмы в русском языке: история и перспективы: Пособие для иностранных студентов-русистов. Владивосток: изд-во «Диалог»,1995
Macmillan «English dictionary»
Speak Out №1 /2008
http://grammar.about.com/http://languagerichblog.eu/http://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/Приложение:Заимствованные_слова_в_русском_языкеhttp://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Заимствования_в_русском_языкеhttp://azenglish.ru/anglicizmy-v-russkom-yazyke/
Толковый словарь русского языка. Языковые изменения конца XXстолетия./Г.Н. Скляревской, - М.: АСТ, Астрель, 2001.
Borrowed English words in Russian language
The inflow of foreign words increased during the reign of Peter I. Furthermore, plenty of words came to our language in the early XIX century (especially many words in political sphere). Nowadays our language is replenished by English words. Today English is called “the 20th century Latin”. It isn’t surprising, because there are so many words of English origin in all spheres of modern life. We use anglicisms in business, physics, medicine, sport, computing, art.
Furthermore, such phenomenon as language mixing is typical in different countries of the world. This mixing occurs in writing and, of course, in everyday informal speech situations. Mixing English and the mother tongue is more common in cities that elsewhere. As much as language is connected to traditional knowledge and culture, it must be capable of incorporating new vocabulary to meet the needs of young people in order to remain vibrant.
In the 21st century a language must find some way of communicating about technological advances such as television and computers in order to remain relevant to the everyday lives of the youth.
Borrowing foreign words is one of the ways of developing the language. Language always promptly changes in response to the needs of society. Borrowings are the result of ties, relations between the peoples and countries. The main reason of the borrowing a foreign vocabulary is that there is no right word to describe something in a particular language.
The “guests from another language,” or borrowed words, permeate the Russian language. These many thousands of words were adopted during the course of Russian history.
If borrowings are testimonials to our “physical mobility and mental laziness” then Russian would probably win the gold medal. It is because of the many times that Russia was invaded, obviously by outsiders, who brought their language, dialects and customs into the country. As the invaders settled in, they transformed both the written and spoken words of the Russian residents, who were able to adapt through the assimilation of borrowed words.
Depending on the language, from which words were borrowed, all words are divided into several groups such as:
• Anglicisms - from the English language
• Arabism - from Arabic
• Gallicisms - from French
• Hebraism - from Hebrew
• Germanism - from German
• Gretsizm - from the Greek language
• Italianisms - from the Italian language
• Ispanizm - from the Spanish language
• Latinism - from Latin, etc.
The focus of my research is Anglicisms. An English word or expression that is used in another language called an Anglicism. Most of the borrowings from English language are nouns, as their transfer into the Russian language is not associated with structural changes.
The process of adopting foreign words into Russian word-stock in different historical periods alters the whole language system. In the history of the language there are several periods of borrowing:
from Greek language (the Christianization of the country forced more inhabitants to adopt Latin and Greek words and phrases through the Church);
from Turkic languages (especially in XVI-XVII centuries, through the influence of the Ottoman Empire);
from Polish language (XVI-XVIII centuries);
from the Dutch (XVIII), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) languages;
from English language (XX - beginning of XXI century).
Present day English is a major donor language that is the leading source of borrowings for many other languages including Russian. In the modern world English is transformed into symbolic language, with high social status, expanding the scope of its function as a world language. Enhancing information flows, the emergence of the World Wide Web, the development of the global economic market, international tourism and cultural ties - all of this has led to the emergence of new loan words. Even in 1898, when Otto Bismarck was asked about the main driving force of modern history, he answered: "The fact is that North America speaks English." These words have not lost their relevance and centuries later. Participants of the conference of the British Council according to the Future of English and other languages, that held in Edinburgh in 2004, noted that by 2015 the number of English learners outside the UK will reach a huge number, by this time, 3 billion people on our planet will speak English.
The reasons of borrowing anglicisms
The appearance of new words from foreign languages is explained by impetuous changes in social and academic life. So there are several reasons of borrowing words from other languages :
historical contacts between people of different nationalities;
the necessity to name new objects and facts (like taxi, robot, scanner, touchpad, laptop);
the language fashion( for example French in the XVIII century);
when the borrowing words replace the whole collocation (ходить за покупками – шопинг);
appearance of new words in science and technique and requirement in specific terms.
Here you can see the main reasons of borrowing words from other languages, but as for English (or American English) language in XX-XXI centuries, we can add a few more reasons:
advent of the Internet;
expansion of inter-state and international relations;
flourishing of international tourism;
the desire to hide the real meaning of the word under incomprehensible syllable (second hand, stock);
the aspiration to show that you are “cool” using unfamiliar words (outsider, devise), providing stylistic, emphatic effect. It becomes more prestigious and attractive to use English words in the speech. It can emphasize the high information content of the speaker.
participation in competitions, international festivals, fashion shows.
Certainly, there are lots of reasons. But I think that these are most widespread than others. Nowadays English language is an international language. This is due to historical events: the expansion of trade and economic relations, the U.S.A. dominance in the world economy, development of tourism, the emergence of the Internet. Thus, the interest in English has greatly increased among youth and adolescents.
These days many people go abroad to spend their holidays. Those people, who can speak English, feel at ease in other countries.
I think that in the future some anglicisms will be our native words.
The classification of anglicism
The majority of linguists put forward the following classifications of loanwords. Here you cans see the methods of forming anglicisms:
Direct borrowings. The word occurs in the Russian language in approximately the same manner and with the same meaning as in language – originale: уикэнд - the weekend; black - негр; money – деньги, talk-show- токшоу, CD-player- сидиплейер, sprint-спринт.
Loan-translation (phonetic borrowing). It occurs when the native language uses an item-for-item native version of the original. In Russian language the word sounds the same as in English: basketball, disk, manager, standard, comfort, action, hypermarket, supermarket, website, menu, disk, virus, club, browser, teenager, telephone, jeans.
Loanshift. Adapting native words to the new meanings. For example, do you think that the word лайкать is connected to a dog? Of course, not. This is an adaptation of the English word “like”. It means to explain your positive attitude towards photos and other things in social nets. Do we say банить when we want to wash somebody? No way. It means to forbid something, from English “to ban”. Or one more example: кликать. It has no connection to calling somebody. It means to use a computer mouse. аскать (to ask-просить), бузить (busy-беспокойный,суетливый)
Loan-blend or hybrids. Is a form in which one element is a loanword and the other is a native element (English roots and Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings): positive – позитив, позитивный; крезанутый (crazy— шизанутый), primitive - примитивный, objective – объективный.
Jargon (barbarismos) - foreign words that retain their phonetic and graphic 'foreignness'. This word-strangers, contrasts with Russian vocabulary, not fixed in the dictionary of foreign words, and especially in the Russian dictionary. Active use of anglicisms, barbarisms was sign of our time: фейс-контроль, дресс – код, ноу-хау, ху из ху, мессидж, респект, батл, хэппи энд, юзер, пэронты, бейби, баксы, гамблер и др.
Emotional expressions. A non-integrated word or a whole phrase from a foreign language: OK, вау(Wow!), epic fail, I`ll be back, happy end, goodbye, hello, hi, oops.
Composites or compounds. Words consisting of two English words, such as: second-hand - магазин, торгующий одеждой, бывшей в употреблении; hits –parade - список наиболее популярных медиа-продуктов, video- salon – комната для просмотра фильмов
Exoticism or exotic words. Words that describe specific national customs of other nations, and are used in the description of non-Russian reality. They do not have Russian synonyms. For example: a hot dog, a cab, hacker, realtor, chips, cheeseburger, hamburger, мисс, миссис, мистер, сэр, джентльмен, фунт стерлинг, лорд, скаут, сквайр, скваттер, квакер, пэр, паб, Скотланд ярд, др.
Among new borrowings there are a lot of slang words. Why do teenagers use these words instead of the familiar ones?
As a rule, English words are short and simple. Furthermore, teenagers are often influenced by their favorite films and sitcoms, popular music and TV programs. So, they adopt the whole phrase, like poker face, forever alone, epic fail.
The last 20-30 years Anglicisms penetrate the Russian language so quickly and in such large quantities that linguists are talking about the phenomenon of Anglo-Russian bilingualism.
All Anglicism can be divided into reasonable and unreasonable. In simple terms, unjustified (or unreasonable) borrowing of English words is such borrowing, which replaced the previously used Russian word. For example, we use Anglicism "killer", instead of the native Russian word "убийца", a "reception", instead of "приемная". And what about the "Baby-sitter" instead of "няня"? It is difficult not to agree with people who believe that such borrowings only infest and clog native language. Unfortunately, such lexical units have already thoroughly entrenched in our media and advertising.
Justified (or reasonable) borrowings are the words that replace the lack of corresponding concepts in the Russian language or when we need for a name of a new object or an item. For example: touchpad, laptop, printer, journalist, business interface and many others. Scary to imagine, how we could call the phone, if we didn't borrow it from the British. A plotter, a scanner, a chocolate? That's why we call them justified borrowings.
The greatest number of words presented different thematic groups:
Politics / Economics / an appointment summit, briefing, speaker, rating, holding, voucher, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, marketing, leasing, tender, retail, offshore, price list, promoter, distributor, dealer, businesswoman, mentality
Food / clothing / trade hot dog, cheeseburger, hamburger, fishburger, chocopie, popcorn, fresh juice, yogurt, pudding, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, lunch, chocolate, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, multi-brand, unisex, Catering, Shopping, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP-hall, second-hand, discount
Sport shaping, fitness, diving, surfing, bodybuilding, snowboarding, football, paintball, basketball, freestyle, wrestling, Power lifting, bowling, training, skating-rink, striker, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, scooter
Arts / Radio / TV thriller, western, video clips, music, director, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, underground, pop -Art, rock, rock and roll , casting, shake, break dancing, Brain ring, show , hit – parade, superstar, Superman, Skinhead
House / Life / Chancellery conditioner, cooler, mixer, toaster, blender, siding, roll - blinds, shutters, antifreeze, bullet, Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, spray, color, diaper, stapler, scotch
Information and communication technologies computer, monitor, display, calculator, notebook, printer, scanner, CD, DVD, processor device, hacker, click, web, website, blog, smiley, SMS
The impact of borrowed words on Russian language
From the ancient times Russian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political relations with other states that certainly led to the language borrowings. In different epoch’s words from other languages penetrated into original Russian vocabulary. However, national originality of Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign, as the process of borrowing is a natural way to enrich language. So Russian language preserved its self-sufficiency and just got rich by means of borrowed words.
The process of word-stock formation is very long-drawn-out and complicated. It is also closely connected with the history of a nation. Russian vocabulary in its modern state did not appear at once.
Also pop culture had a great impact on Russian language. From the late 20th century (or even earlier) teenagers began to watch American soap-operas and films (for example, «Beverly Hills, 90210», «Friends», «Baywatch»), listen to American music. And thus English expressions and words came in Russian language (like famous phrase from «The Terminator» - «I'll be back», or from «Titanic» - «I'm the king of the world»). Russian mass media, especially TV and radio, contribute the usage of anglicisms in Russian language too, and, of course, teenagers swoop up this trend.
English is used everywhere. For example, on channel Russia 2 we can see an inscription «Кубок мира по биатлону. Life», or «Energy Interactive» (radio Energy), also everyone knows such phrases as «Саммит стран АТЭС» or ток-шоу «Пусть говорят».
Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities (for example, English and Russian). Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to other. In the case the source language community has some advantages of power, prestige or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, there are only several words of Russian origin in English language: balalaika, matryoshka, vodka, etc.
It’s due to the changes in political, economical, cultural life of society. In proof of this we can see the changes in the names of authorities: Верховный Совет - парламент, заместитель - вице-премьер. Мэры appeared in many cities. Советы made way for администрация. The headmen have their own пресс-секретари, who regularly perform at конференции, send out пресс-релизы, organize эксклюзивные интервью. (Political sphere)
We often hear such words as ваучер, брокер, дилер, маркетинг. all these words refer to Business and law sphere.
Those people who like sport, use different words (borrowed from English language) like виндсерфинг, армрестлинг, бэкфлип. Sport has always played an important role in the live of English people. Englishmen are proud of the fact that many sports arose in their country, and then spread all around the world. English national sports are: football, cricket, horse racing and billiards. With the spread of these games, their names also came to other languages. (Sport sphere)
A great number of words are related to computers and the Internet: компьютер, файл, дисплей, интерфейс.
Borrowing from the English language can help in-depth study not only English, but also Russian language. It's not a secret that girls and boys are sometimes easier express their thoughts and feelings with the help of a foreign language, they have difficulty in choosing suitable Russian words. As a result, borrowing huge amounts of Anglicisms is a gradual clogging for the Russian language. Listening to the speech of my classmates, acquaintances and friends can be found a lot of English words that they say in the Russian manner, and cannot often express the same words with the help of the native language. This is the extract from my classmate's composition:
Я обычный тинэйджер, и как у всех моих френдов у меня есть проблемы. В классе я конечно не суперстар, но у меня свой имидж. В лидеры я не рвусь и контактирую со всеми ровно. Отец мой не олигарх, он в секъюрити служит, мать бейбиситером работает. Перентсы у меня клевые, вот только меня учиться заставляют, чтобы я свой ай-кью повышал. Вот завтра на инглиш идти, а я текст не перевел, у меня комп завис. А тут задание такое трудное, просто пазл какой-то! На уроке главное фейсом в грязь не упасть. А то будешь потом лузером выглядеть! Никогда респект не заработаешь! Ну ничего, скоро все будет окей, потому что наступят холидей!
My teacher told me one story about her English friend. When she lived in Pyatigorsk they went into McDonald's with him. They looked up at the illuminated menu board to discover everything was written in Russian transliteration from the English: Big Mac, Filet-o-Fish, MakChiken. For some reason, her friend got it into his head that the Russian word for chicken was in fact "курица" - as written on the McDonald's "blackboard"! He later told her about the confusion this caused at the market when he went shopping:
- Дайте мне чикен, Пожалуйста!
- Чего ?!
- Чикен. Я хочу чикен! Вот этот чикен там дайте.
- Нет, эта курица.
- Я не хочу курицу. Я хочу чикен!
The moral of this may be funny and even a little stupid story is that McDonald's is a poor teacher of Russian! And unjustified borrowings prevent foreigners in the study of the Russian language.
Popular English words in teenagers' speech
The interest in using anglicisms increased among teenagers these days. Young people find it easier to express their thoughts and feelings, by means of a foreign language. "Perhaps for the first millennium of existence of our nation there is a real separation of parents and children, but not for ideological or moral criteria, as is brilliantly told one great Russian writer, but because of the banal lack of understanding speech itself."
SMS as a communication tool
The other sphere of using anglicisms is texting. Numerous social nets and new types of communication such as e-mail and mobile phone texting gave birth to a new text language, which is characterized by shortenings, abbreviations, deliberate mistakes and the use of slang words.
With the popularity and rise in real-time text-based communications, such a Twitter, e-mail, «[email protected]», «ВКонтакте», «www.facebook.com», «www.odnoklassniki.ru», Internet chat rooms, discussion boards and mobile phone text messaging (SMS), came the emergence of a new text language tailored to the immediacy and compactness of these new communication media.
Text messaging is the smart way to communicate in the 21st century. Everyone uses it- men, women and, of course, teenagers. Why? Because it is fun, simple and really addictive.
The biggest text maniacs are the young- teenagers and twenty- something. They send text messages to finalize their infinitely flexible plans, to make a date, to share a joke and, naturally, to flirt. And they do it under the noses of their mums, dads and even teachers.
Wd u … oops… would you like to understand this language? OK.
Here are several rules (if there are any):
Make words as short as you can: Pls= please.
Use a letter instead of a whole word where possible: U= you.
Use numbers instead of letters where possible: w8 = wait.
Use symbols- they look so beautiful in the middle of the word! The percentage sign can be used for the “oo” sound (sk%l), a dollar sign can be used instead of double s (me$age).
Use abbreviations for long phrases: LOL = Laughing Out Loud.
If in doubt, write as you please, ignoring all rules of grammar and spelling (Hasn’t it been your secret dream?)
Here are some basic words and phrases that are essential for messages everywhere:
SMS language Normal language
@ at
R are
U you
B/C because
BTW by the way
THX thanks
Pls please
NMP not my problem
OK okay
ILBL8 I will be late
2 to/too
4 for
Got somewhere to go and someone to tell? Here is how to text those important details:
SMS language Normal language
2day today
CUL8R see you later
W8 wait
Want to express an opinion or share your feelings? It is easy when you are texting.
SMS language Normal language
AFAIK as far as I know
BK big kiss
Gr8 great
IMO in my opinion
LOL laugh out loud
X kiss
XOXOX hugs and kisses
An urgent need to ask, but do not want anyone to hear? Just text. And there is a list of swift and witty replies…
SMS language Normal language
B4N bye for now
CB call back
F2T Free to talk?
HAND have a nice day
IC I see
RUOK Are you OK?
Wot What?
Another way of expressing yourself is to send an Emoticon with your message- a little sideways face which shows how you are feeling. Made from punctuation marks on your keypad, they take up very little space. The basic smiling face is just a colon, a dash and a close bracket and yet when you rotate it, it becomes a smile.
The examples below are the basic emoticons in use:
SMS language Normal language
:-) happy
:-( sad
:-)) very happy
%-) confused
:-D laughing
{you} hug
:-* kiss
:-O surprised
:-I not talking
Now you know more about SMS language, which is used by English speaking people. However, such language is used by Russian people too. We also like making words in text messages shorter to save our time and write more information. Here you can see several examples.
SMS language Normal language
щас сейчас
спс спасибо
прив привет
че что
тя тебя
чё-нить что-нибудь
пож пожалуйста
физра физкультура
Also sometimes we use only a capital letter instead of the whole word:
SMS language Normal language
ДР День рождения
НГ Новый год
ДЗ Домашнее задание
Нзч Не за что
Sometimes we add numbers instead of letters, but I think that not so many people do that (those, who does, often replace the letter «ч» for number 4). But to show all aspects I will give you some examples.
SMS language Normal language
4то что
о5 опять
дево4ка девочка
By the way, we abbreviate not only Russian words, but also English (like British and American people). To tell the truth, we just use their words:
SMS language Normal language
LOL laugh out loud
OMG Oh my God!
IMHO in my humble opinion
XOXOX hugs and kisses
To sum up, I want to say that SMS reductions save our time, they are convenient, funny and without them it is impossible to imagine a modern communication. SMS reductions are popular among teenagers and adults too. The SMS reductions in Russian and English languages have something in common, and, of course, here we can see borrowings in English language too.
The interview of my schoolmates
In order to get a clear idea of the bulk of English loanwords in teenagers’ vocabulary I interviewed 40 schoolmates of mine (7-9 forms).
The questions I asked are the following ones:
Do you use the words of English origin in your daily communication?
Do you like the fact that so many anglicisms are used nowadays in Russian language?
Does everyone understand you when you use English words?
What for do you use words of English origin?
I also asked them to write a few English words, that they use every day. All their answers are shown on the diagrams below.
I also aimed to investigate their attitude towards English borrowings.
I think it is rather impossible not to use words of English origin in daily communication, especially by teenagers. The main reasons are that we (teenagers) study English from the first form and know many English words and that all people use anglicisms (we hear them several times and subconsciously repeat them). 35 of 40 teenagers (almost all – 88%) have the same thoughts. So, as you can see the majority of interviewees find these words simple and natural.
Maybe we do not notice that we use such words or do not know that several words that we use are not native Russian words but native English words (that is the only one explanation I can find to understand the reasons why students say that they do not use anglicisms). Only 2 of 40 (5%) respondents said that they do not use words of English origin at all.
3 of all interviewed (8%) said that they try not to use words of English origin in daily communication and prefer to use Russian words instead of anglicisms.
Personally I consider that anglicisms should be used in our language as it means that our language develops and stays alive (by the way, those languages that do not change somehow will finally disappear). But on the other hand, nowadays teenagers use too many anglicisms in their speech and thus spoil our language, transform it, often replace old Russian words with unnecessary foreign ones. In this way they speak neither English, nor Russian.
I also was interested in attitude towards anglicisms among teenagers. For the question you can see above I received such answers:
22 pupils of 40 (55%) like the fact that so many English words are used in Russian language nowadays. Of course, that is great that our language develops, becomes more modern.
10 teenagers (25%) do not like that so many anglicisms are used nowadays in our society. And I think it is easy to understand the reasons why they do not like this trend. It is considered that English words can replace the equal Russian words and thus completely change the Russian language. I find it worth mentioning one answer: “I think it is not good for our Russian language. Our language will die out soon, if we continue using such words”. This answer is not typical for teenagers, but I am really happy that some young people think about the future of our beautiful language.
8 of 40 interviewed (20%) do not care about our language, about those things that happened to it, about their own speech and speech of their close people.
As for me, I think that some words (that have no equal words in Russian language) might be used, but other words (like рэндомно instead of наугад) should not spoil our speech.
One more thing that I wanted to know was whether everyone understands teenagers when they use English words.
8 of 40 teenagers (20%) said that everybody understands them, including their parents, friends, teachers.
17 pupils (43%) said that almost all understand them (parents, friends). As a rule grandparents, younger brothers and sisters do not understand teenagers’ speech.
15 students (38%) complained that basically not all people understand what they say. However, the majority of this group are proud of the fact. It gives them the feeling of being unique, makes them vain and self- conscious.
As for me, everyone understands what I say (maybe because I try not to use too many anglicisms). Sometimes even my parents use words of English original.
One more interesting thing is where teenagers use anglicisms. I asked my schoolmates and got results:
4 students (5%) said that they use words of English origin to keep the conversation going.
6 teenagers (15%) use English words to be cooler and more advanced. They like using those words, that are used by English or American teenagers.
23 (more than a half – 58%) make the conversation easier by using anglicisms. These 23 pupils said that some English words are shorter than Russian equal words and it is easier to use anglicisms than Russian words in some cases.
5 students (13%) said that using English words, they practise their English. However, personally I do not understand how can people practise English language by adding different words (sometimes with completely different pronunciation or meaning) in their native language.
2 teenagers (5%) told that they use words of English origin for other purposes (for example, because some words have no synonyms in Russian language).
I interviewed my class with the question “What types of anglicisms are the most popular today with teenagers?” I gave them such areas as science, politics, tourism, culture and modern slang with several examples to each group. That is how my classmates answered:
The interview of teachers and parents
My research would be incomplete if I had interviewed only one generation (teenagers). In previous chapter you can see the attitude towards anglicisms among teenagers and in this chapter I intend to show you the attitude towards borrowings from English language among older people (our teachers and parents).
I interviewed 40 people and I asked them these questions:
Do you use the words of English origin in your daily communication?
Do you like the fact that so many anglicisms are used nowadays in Russian language?
For this question I got such results:
22 adults (55%) said that they use English words in their daily communication. It is accessible because all of them use computers, mobile phones, read magazines so it is impossible not to use anglicisms.
16 people (40%) do not like the fact that so many words of English origin are used nowadays in Russian language. These people consider that there are enough words in Russian language and it is not necessary to use words borrowed from English language.
2 interviewed (5%) told me that they try not to use words of English origin, however it is not always possible to find suitable Russian words.
Comparing two diagrams (the usage of English words among teenagers and adults), we can see that teenagers use words of English origin more often than their parents.
As you can see from the diagram, the older generation has completely different attitude towards anglicisms.
Only 7 adults (18%) like that so many English words are used nowadays.
29 people (73%) do not like that there are so many anglicisms in Russian language. They use such words not so often and, probably, do not like the fact that their children use anglicisms so often.
4 interviewed (10%) have never thought about this problem. They just use the suitable word and do not think whether it is a native Russian word or not.
Comparing these two diagrams, we can see that attitude towards anglicisms is different among younger and older generation: teenagers like using anglicisms and adults prefer not to use them. Adults are more worried about the purity of our language and they try to preserve its diversity and authenticity.
Positive and negative aspects
There are both positive and negative sides of borrowing anglisisms.
The positive aspects consist of:
The opportunity to communicate with people from other counties or people of different nationalities;
The possibility to learn more about other cultures;
The chance to develop your language skills and keep abreast with the time.
The borrowings might be justified. Justified words are the words that fill up the spaces in our language as we did not have such words in our language. As a rule, these words are taken from developed languages.
The negative aspects consist of:
The possibility of losing the values of our native language;
The possibility to forget your native culture in pursuit of foreign values;
Sounding absurd and being misunderstood as a result of wrong use of foreign words.
As a rule these borrowings are unjustified. Some people think that by borrowing words from other languages we can enrich our language. To every single word you can find more than one thousand synonyms in different languages. Of course, we can use them too, but I do not think that it is a good idea because no one would understand anything and we would lose the diversity and authenticity of our language.
The impact of anglicisms on Russian teenagers’ lives
Of course, we cannot deny that English including American English strongly affects modern teenagers. They watch American soap-operas and films, listen to American music, even have different prints on T-shirts.
As for my class, American soap-operas are really popular among my classmates (especially girls) such as «Pretty Little Liars», «The Vampire Diaries», «Gossip Girl», «90210», «Make it or break it». I know that my friends prefer to watch not Russian, but American soap operas (in English – original language). Also there are many really good American films (or just films in English), that we watch and then discuss. Moreover, I know that my classmates enjoy listening to songs in English language. You might think that it is not relevant to the subject, but I think that watching films in original, listening to music in English, play an important role in studying a language and, what is more important for my research – in borrowing new words. It often happens that after some popular films lots of new expressions appear in teenagers’ vocabulary.
And I noticed one more thing, which influences teenagers’ lives: social nets. All my classmates without exception have their own pages in different social nets (and generally not only in one). There they connect with each other, with their friends in other cities and countries. All teenagers (and not only teenagers) all over the world use such networks as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Skype, Formspring, Vkontakte.
I asked my schoolmates (40 people) to write some anglicisms, that they use in daily communication. Their answers you can see below in Appendix 1.
As you can see, there are many words that related to the Internet and social nets. Some words are general used words, but some are used only in the Internet (mostly by teenagers). A huge amount of those words that are used in the Internet are anglicisms and Russian users just took them started to use without any changes, like words facepalm or noob. But some words have been changed like лайкать (from like – in social nets) or гуглить (from the name of one famous finder – Google). By the way, there are so many words, which are used nowadays not only in the Internet, but also in our daily speech (like LOL).
Moreover, students mentioned words that show someone’s mood or attitude towards someone. These words are used by American or British teenagers and now they are used by Russian teenagers too. Modern teenagers use words like bro, cheater to name each other, the whole expressions to show their attitude (kill me please, genius) or words that are used not only by teenagers and that are understandable all over the world (like OK, WOW).
Also there are many words that are used to name different tricks on skateboards (names of sport). Personally I have never heard these words before (like backflip). I suppose that these words are understood and used only by certain group of people (who go in for sports). They use them because there are no equal words to name these things in Russian language.
Furthermore in Appendix 2 you can see more anglicisms used by Russian teenagers: hi-teck, device, flash mob etc.
Furthermore, there are so many places like shops, cafes that have English titles. There are many examples of such places in Voronezh “Кофе Хаус”, “Пул Хаус”, “People’s food”, “McDonalds”, etc (cafes and restaurants); “Adidas”, “Concept club”, “INCITY”, etc (shops); “Billa”, “Real”, etc (grocery stores). Everyone knows them (not only teenagers) and use in daily communication.
Thus, anglicisms have a huge impact on Russian language and Russian teenager's lives.
Conclusion
In conclusion I want to mention that on the one hand, I believe that it`s impossible to stop the process of borrowings and try to prevent the appearance of new words. Without them it is impossible to imagine the modern person or language. However, the significance of these words should be clear both to speaker and listener, and the use of such words should be appropriate and justified. The ability to use these words properly shows the respect to the speaker's language and to himself.
Scientists consider that if the borrowed vocabulary exceeds 2-3% from the whole vocabulary, so it’s possible that the language might disappear. The number of borrowing words in Russian language is more than 10%! Trying to copy other people's standards, we lose our identity, mother tongue and culture.
But on the other hand, we should be careful with their usage and shouldn`t overload our language with lots of unnecessary words, which already have lots of synonyms in Russian. Having conducted my research I discovered that Russian teenagers use English borrowings of different types in conversations with their friends in texting messages and in the net communication. In spite of the opinion that a great number of anglicisms spoil our mother language, I am not in favour of the idea of fighting with their usage, as I find it useless. I must admit to using some language mixing of this kind myself – my favourite home-grown expressions being “nice вообще!” and “не good”.
However, I believe it is important to study new borrowings and to adopt them according to grammatical rules of the Russian language. I suppose that language is able to self-clean, get rid of excessive, unnecessary words.
In general, foreign language terminology is a very interesting linguistic phenomenon whose role in the Russian language is essential. Anglo-Russian linguistic interaction consistently attracted research attention directed to the study of the total inflow of foreign vocabulary in Russian. The practical value of this work is that this material can be used in the teaching of English and Russian languages at school, lyceums and gymnasiums. These institutions need to conduct systematic work to promote students' cultural treatment of foreign words, a good taste of the language. A good taste is the main condition for the correct and appropriate use of linguistic resources, as loanwords.
Bibliography
Brian Lockett «Beyond the dictionary»
Брейтер М.А. Англицизмы в русском языке: история и перспективы: Пособие для иностранных студентов-русистов. Владивосток: изд-во «Диалог»,1995
Macmillan «English dictionary»
Speak Out №1 /2008
http://grammar.about.com/http://languagerichblog.eu/http://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/Приложение:Заимствованные_слова_в_русском_языкеhttp://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Заимствования_в_русском_языкеhttp://azenglish.ru/anglicizmy-v-russkom-yazyke/Толковый словарь русского языка. Языковые изменения конца XXстолетия./Г.Н. Скляревской, - М.: АСТ, Астрель, 2001.
Appendix 2.
Dictionary of unjustified English words in the youth's speech
(Словарь неоправданных англицизмов, используемых в речи подростков школы №6)
А
Аналогичный (Analogous) - сходный
Анимация (Аnimation) - мультипликационная киносъемка
Анотация (annotation) – примечание, пояснение
Акцентировать ( Accent) - подчеркивать
Автокар (Сar)- тележка
Аскать (To ask) - просить
Аутсайдер (Outsider) - неудачник
Акция (Action) - поступок, деяние
Аргумент(Argument) - довод, доказательство
Администрация(Administration) - управление
Б
Батоны (Button) - пуговицы
Барбекю (Barbecue) - особо приготовленное мясо
Батл (Battle) – битва
Бро (Bro) - братан
Брэнд (Brand) - торговая марка, фирменная одежда
Блокбастер (Blockbuster) - кассовый фильмБоди-арт (Body-art) - украшение тела
Бизнесмен (Businessman) - предприниматель
Боулинг ( Bowling) - кегельбан
Бутсы (Boots) – ботинки;
Бузить (Busy) - беспокойный, суетливый
Брифинг (Briefing) короткая встреча с прессой
Бойфренд (Boyfriend) возлюбленный, парень, дружок
Бестселлер (Bestseller) хорошо продающаяся книга
Брокер (Broker) посредник между продавцами и покупателями в операциях с валютой
Бизнес (Business) – деловая активность, профессиональная деятельность
Блог (Blog сокр. от "web log") дневник в Интернете
Бэббиситтер (Baby) – ребенок ( sit) – сидеть няня
Бэби (Baby) младенец, малыш
В
вранглеры (джинсы),
Варьировать (Variate) - изменять
Виртуальный (Virtual) - мнимый
Г
Гаджет (Gadget) - техническая новинка
Геймер – игрок
Грант (Grant)- средства безвозмездно выделяемые органом государственной власти, местного самоуправления или какой-л. другой организации с целью оказать финансовую помощь конкретному лицу, проекту или организации, денежное вознаграждение
Гуглить (google) – искать в в интернете с помощью «Гугла», использовать «Гугл»
Голкипер ( Goalkeeper - ) вратарь
Глоболизация (globalization) - всемирное распространение
Д
Дайвинг (Diving от «to dive») – нырять, подводное плавание
Дефолт (Default) - невыполнение обязательств, несоблюдение правил
Джекпот (Jackpot) -самый крупный выигрыш в лотерее
Диджей (DJ) – человек, который представляет популярную музыку на радио, дискотеках
Дилер (Dealer) – торговец (To deal) – заключать сделки
Дилит (To delete) - стирать
Драйв (To drive) – гнать, запал, энергетика
Дринкать ( To drink) – пить
Дизайн (Design) – рисунок, эскиз, узор
Дрессинг (Dressing) - соус для салата
Дефицит (Deficit ) – нехватка
Дистрибьютер (Distributor ) - распространитель, агент по продаже
Департамент (Department) - отдел
Дэмит (Dammit) – черт возьми
З
Зебестный (The best) – лучший
Зип, зиппер (Zipper) - застежка, молния
И
Игнорить (Ignore) – игнорировать, не обращать внимания
Имидж ( Image) – образ
ИМХО (IMHO) - по моему скромному мнению (стандартная фраза при обмене сообщениями в электронной почте)
Иннагурация (Inauguration) – вступление в должность
Инертный (Inert) - вялый, медлительный
К
Креативный (Creative) - творческий
Коннектиться (Connect) - связываться
Клабер (Clubber) – завсегдатай ночных клубов
Кипиш (To keep – сохранять, держать) – в значении: суетиться, волноваться
Кеш (Cash) – наличные деньги
Киллер (Killer) –убийца
Клипмейкер (Clip maker)- создатель музыкальных мини-фильмов
Коменты (To comment) - обсуждения
Коучин (Coaching) – тренинг, занятия с тренером
Коммьюнити ( Community) - сообщество
Конкуренция (Concurrence) – соперничество, борьба, соревнование
Конференция (Conference) - собрание
Клозес (Clothes) - одежда
Коммуникатировать (Communicate ) – общаться
Комфорт (Comfort) - уют, удобство, хорошие условия
Конструктивный (Сonstructive) - созидательный
Кастинг (Casting) - подбор актёров
Кул (Сool) – хороший, спокойный, классный
Киндер (Kid) - ребенок
Клик, кликать ( Click ) - щелчок, нажимать на кнопку "мыши"
Клевый (Clever) – умный
Копирайтер (Copy - рекламный текст, writing-написание) - автор рекламных текстов
Кросс (Cross) - пересекать, бег по пересеченной местности
Крезанутый (Crazy) - шизанутый, чекнутый
Л
Лейбл ( Label) - этикетка, фирменная вещь
Лизинг ( Leasing) - аренда, сдача внаем
Логин (Login) - имя пользователя в сети
ЛОЛ (LOL) - я умираю от смеха (стандартная фраза в электронной почте)
Лузер (To lose) - терять,проигрывать, неудачник
Лобстеры (lobster) - омар
Лайкнуть (Like) - понравиться
М
Маркит (Market) - рынок
Мачо (Macho) – крутой парень, настоящий мужчина
Милитари (Military) - военный
Менеджер (Manager) - управляющий
Менеджмент (Management) - управление
Мейнстрим (Mainstream)- основное течение
Мультиплекс (Multiplex) - многозальный комплекс
Массмедиа (Mass Media) - "СМИ" (средства массовой информации)
Мониторинг(Monitoring) - наблюдение
Мониторить(To monitor) - наблюдать
Миллениум (Millennium") - тысячелетие
Мейкап (Make-up) - внешний вид, облик, «макияж»
Мэр (Mayor) – глава муниципального управления
Н
Нейл-арт (Nail-art) - искусство украшения ногтей
Никнейм (Nickname) - имя, прозвище
Не айс ( Not ice – from old TV ad) – не очень хорошо
Номинация (Nomination)- выдвижение кандидатов
О
Офис (Office) – контора, кабинет, служебное помещение
Офсайд (Offside ) - вне игры
Офлайн ( Offline, off-line) - в реале (в отключенном от компьютерной сети состоянии)
Овертайм ( Overtime) - дополнительное время
Онлайн ( Online) - в сети
П
Пати ( Party) - вечеринка
Пролонгация (Prolongation) - продление
Пирсинг (Piercing) - прокалывание
Презентация (Presentation ) – представление
Пикули (Pickles) - маринованные овощи
Пиар (PR) - реклама
Пирсинг (Piercing ) - прокол, укол
Пиплы (People) - люди
Постр (Poster) - плакат
Пазл ( Puzzle) - головоломка, ребус, загадка
Парковка (Parking) - автостоянка
Пенальти ( Penalty) - наказание
Пентхауз ( penthouse ) - особняк
Презент ( Present) - подарок
Прессинг ( To press, pressing) - давление
Продакшн ( Production)- производство(кино)
Промоушн (Promotion) – продвижение, раскрутка
Пролонгация (Prolongation)- продление, отсрочка.
Прайс – лист (Price list) - прейскурант, ценник
Перентсы (Parents ) - родители
Покеты (Pocket) - карманы
Прогресив урбан веа (Progressive urban wear) – современная, модная городская одежда
Р
Респект (Rrespect) – уважать
Репосты (To repost) - переотправка
Реально (Real, really) - действительно
Реконструкция (Reconstruction)– перестройка
Рейтинг ( Rating) - оценка
Регион (Region) – область
Ралли ( Rally) - съезд; слет; сборРимейк (Remake) - переделка
Риэлтер ( Realtor) - агент по недвижимости
Рэкит ( Racket ) - шантаж, вымогательство
Ресепшн (Reception) - прием, встреча, приемная
Роуминг (Roaming) - автоматическое подключение к местной сети связи
С
Сайз (Size) – размер
Скиншот (Screen shot) – моментальный снимок экрана
Cпам (Spam) - массовая рассылка рекламы по электронной почте
Спрей (Spray) - распылитель
Стайл (Style) – манера, способ выражения
Сезон (Season ) - время года
Скарификация (Scarification) - нанесение шрамов
Спикер (Speaker) - оратор
Стрит веа (Street wear) – уличная одежда
Субсидия (Subsidy) - денежное пособие
Смокать ( Smoke) - курить
Секъюрити (Security) - охрана
Супермаркет (Supermarket) - универмаг
Супер (Super) - отлично
Супермен ( Superman) – сверх-человек
Стандарт (Standard) - норма, образец
Спидвей ( Speedway) - скоростная дорога
Суперстар (Superstar) - светило, яркая личность
Сэндвич (Sandwich) - бутерброд
Т
Тинэйджер (Teenager) - подросток
Толерантность (Tolerance) - терпимость
Тишот (T-shirt) - футболка
Тренинг (Ttraining) – тренировка, подготовка
Тюнинг (Tuning) - точная настройка
Топ-модель (Top model) – лучшая модель
Тату (Tattoo) - наколка
У
Уикэнд (weekend) - конец недели, выходные
Унисекс (Unisex) - стиль одежды, причесок, одинаковый для юношей и девушек Уникум (Unique) – особенный, единственный в своем роде
Ф
Факт (Fact) - обстоятельство, событие, случай, явление
Фастфуд ( Fast-food) – перекус
Фазенда ( Fazenda) – дача
Фито – центр (Fit ) – стройный, здоровый
Фитнес (fitness) –хорошая физическая форма, натренированность
Фешенебельный (Fashionable) - модный
Фигнюшка (Things) – вещи
Фишбургер (Fish – рыба, burger-бутерброд) - бутерброд с рыбой
Флаер (Flyer) –рекламная листовка
Флешмоб (Flash mob) - краткая массовая акция
Форвард (Forward) - нападающий
Фристайл (freestyle) - свободный стиль
Фирма (firm) – одежда известных производителей
Х
Хаер (Hair) – волосы(патлы)
Хенд-мейд (Hand-made) - рукотворное, ручной работы
Хоспис ( Hospice ) - приют, богадельня
Хоррор (Horror) - фильм ужасов, «ужастик»
Хотдог (Hot-dog) - сосиска в тесте
Ч
Чатить ( Chat) – болтать
Ш
Шоп ( Shop) - магазинШопинг (Shopping) - процесс похода по магазинам, ходить за покупками
Шузы (Shoes) – туфли
Э
Эксклюзивный (Exclusive ) - исключительный
Эмансипация (Emancipation) – освобождение, раскрепощение
Экспрессивный (Expressive) - выразительный
Эксклюзивный (Exclusive) – особый, исключительный, особенныйЮ
Юзер - (User) - компьютерный пользователь, "пользователь"
Юниор (Junior) – младший
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